Introduction

Understanding CofO Documents

Exploring the Foundation of Property Ownership in Nigeria: CofO, C of O, and Beyond

When it comes to buying or owning property in Nigeria, paperwork is everything. Having the right documents isn’t just a formality—it’s the very foundation of your ownership. Without them, your claim to land or a house can be challenged, leaving you vulnerable to disputes, fraud, or even government repossession.

Among the most vital documents in Nigerian real estate are the Certificate of Ownership (CofO) and the Certificate of Occupancy (C of O). These certificates aren’t just pieces of paper, they are legal shields that protect your property rights and prove that your investment is secure.

What is a Certificate of Ownership (CofO)?

The Certificate of Ownership (CofO) is an official document issued by the government that confirms you are the rightful owner of a property.

It usually includes:

• The owner’s name

• The size and location of the land

• Specific terms and conditions of ownership

• Any restrictions or government rights tied to the land

Think of it as a title deed; it’s what makes your ownership official in the eyes of the law. Without a CofO, your claim to land or property can be questioned, and you may face challenges if you ever want to sell, lease, or use the property as collateral for a loan.

Key point: A CofO is your strongest evidence of ownership.

What is a Certificate of Occupancy (C of O)?

In Nigeria, the Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) is perhaps the most recognized property document. Issued by the State Government through the Land Registry, it grants the holder the legal right to occupy and use a piece of land for 99 years (renewable).

A C of O typically contains:

• Plot number and survey plan

• The purpose of use (residential, commercial, agricultural, etc.)

• Lease duration (usually 99 years)

• Annual ground rent payable to the government

A C of O does not just prove ownership, it defines how long and for what purpose you can use the land.

 If you buy land in Lagos without a valid C of O, the government could reclaim it if it’s under acquisition. But with a C of O, you have legal rights that protect you from such risks.

CofO vs. C of O: What’s the Difference?

Although they sound similar, they serve slightly different purposes:

You need both documents to prove ownership and secure usage rights.

Why These Certificates Matter

Many property buyers in Nigeria make the mistake of overlooking documentation, but here’s why CofO and C of O are non-negotiable:

1. Legal Protection – Shields you from fraud, double selling, or government acquisition.

2. Resale Value – Properties with valid documents are easier to sell and attract higher prices.

3. Loan Collateral – Banks will only accept land or property as collateral if it has recognized documents.

4. Dispute Resolution – In case of boundary issues or disputes, your certificate stands as legal proof.

Example: Imagine two people claim the same piece of land. The one with a valid C of O or CofO will almost always win in court.

Other Important Property Documents in Nigeria

While CofO and C of O are crucial, they’re not the only documents you should know. Depending on your situation, you may also need:

• Deed of Assignment – Transfers ownership from seller to buyer.

• Survey Plan – Maps out the exact size and boundaries of the land.

• Governor’s Consent – Required when transferring land with an existing C of O.

• Excision and Gazette – Confirms that land is free from government acquisition.

Property ownership in Nigeria is like a chain; each document links to the next. Skipping one can weaken your claim.

How to Verify Your Property Documents

Before buying land or property in Nigeria, always verify the authenticity of documents. Here’s how

1. Check at the Land Registry – Visit the State Land Registry to confirm if the C of O or CofO is genuine.

2. Hire a Lawyer or Surveyor – Professionals can cross check documents and detect fraud.

3. Request a Charting – Especially for land, charting confirms if the land is free from acquisition or encumbrances.

Never rely solely on photocopies, insist on seeing original documents.

Don’t Just Buy Land, Own It With Confidence

Owning land or property in Nigeria is a huge achievement, but without the right documents, it’s a risky investment. The Certificate of Ownership (CofO) and the Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) are more than paperwork; they’re your legal shields, protecting you from disputes, fraud, and government claims.

Whether you’re buying, selling, or inheriting property, always make sure these documents are valid, updated, and registered in your name. With them, you’re not just buying property, you’re securing peace of mind, value, and long term protection.

Don’t leave your investment exposed. Get your CofO, C of O, and supporting documents in order before signing any property deal.

Also check for:

Image          

4bedroom duplex for sale in Ikeja

4bedrrom Penthouse for sale in Victoria Island

5bedroom detached house for sale in Banana Island

Common Mistakes People Make When Applying for a C of O

Applying for a Certificate of Occupancy is a legal process, and mistakes can delay your application or even result in losing your land. Here are the most common pitfalls:

1. Submitting Fake Documents

Many land buyers, in a bid to cut costs, fall for fraudulent “agents” who promise shortcuts. Submitting forged documents not only leads to rejection but can also attract legal penalties.

2. Skipping Survey Verification

Before applying, every land must be properly charted and free from government acquisition. Skipping this step can result in building on restricted land, which the government may later reclaim.

3. Ignoring Governor’s Consent

If you are buying land from someone who already has a C of O, you must obtain the Governor’s Consent to legally transfer ownership. Skipping this makes the property title incomplete and can complicate resale or financing.

4. Incomplete Payment of Fees

Some applicants pay only part of the fees, hoping to complete the rest later. Unfortunately, incomplete payment can stall or void the application.

5. Using Unregistered Agents or Surveyors

Working with unlicensed professionals often leads to fake surveys, double allocations, or invalid applications. Always confirm that your surveyor and lawyer are registered with the appropriate regulatory bodies.

You may also like:

4bedroom Detached Duplex                            4bedroom Detached Duplex for sale in Lekki Phase1

Image

Cost of Getting a Certificate of Occupancy in Nigeria (State by State)

Getting a Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) in Nigeria is not free, and the cost often varies depending on the state government issuing it. While the Federal Government sets broad land regulations, each state determines its own fees and administrative charges.

Breakdown of Official Fees

1. Application Fees – Paid when submitting your request for a C of O.

2. Survey Fees – Every property must have a registered survey plan before a C of O can be issued.

3. Processing/Administrative Fees – Covers documentation, verification, and government inspections.

4. Premium & Ground Rent – An annual fee you pay to the government for using the land, which is renewable.

5. Stamp Duties & Registration Fees – Legal charges for stamping and registering the property in your name.

Example of Costs (State by State)

• Lagos State: Between ₦500,000 – ₦1.5 million depending on land size and location (premium areas like Ikoyi and Lekki attract higher fees).

• Abuja (FCT): ₦1 million – ₦2.5 million, with additional development levies.

• Ogun State: ₦300,000 – ₦800,000.

• Oyo State: ₦250,000 – ₦700,000.

• Enugu State: ₦200,000 – ₦600,000.

(Note: These figures are estimates. Actual costs depend on land size, property use (residential vs commercial), and government updates.)

On average, the process of getting a C of O takes 3 to 6 months if all documents are correct. However, in states with bureaucratic delays, it can stretch to 9 months or even a year. Engaging a registered surveyor and real estate lawyer can help speed up the process.